Class Consciousness in Workers in Nineteenth-century Europe

Class Consciousness in Workers in Nineteenth-century Europe Account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth-century Europe. INTRODUCTION The standard of living could account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. More specifically the food that was needed but they didnt have enough of. Food was withheld from people due to food shortages. In Anthology document 5.13c French Minister of Interior to Louis XVIII, 1817 Laine puts the blame of food shortages to rain which spoilt the harvest. This has led to a lack of food for everyone. Anthology Document 5.13a, a Cornish letter, 1795. Which describes this food crisis saying that (CIT) Many farmers refuse to sell it in small quantities to the poor, which causes a great murmuring. This meant that it was increasingly more difficult to buy food to sustain them. Workers needed their daily bread to work and bread was an essential for a working family. With farmers refusing to sell food to the poor working families, it was becoming increasingly clear that there was a divide between people who could buy the food in large quantities and the poor. Also Document 5.13b, a letter Revd A.B Haden to the home secretary, 1800 who writes about the withholding of corn and that it is not right. (CIT) I have too high a respect for a British parliament even to suspect that it was ever intended that protection should extend to the withholding of corn. If the idea of farmers withholding food from certain types of people wasnt making it difficult enough for the workers in the nineteenth century, the price of food itself was. This made the workers self-aware of the divide between those who could and couldnt afford food. Anthology Document 5.13c tells us the rise in price of corn rose from (CIT) 28 francs 50 centimes to 31 francs 51 centimes. These living standards for workers and poorer families account for the emergence of class consciousness as people had begun to see a difference in living standards for workers and others. Revolution amongst workers can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in the nineteenth century Europe. There was many who were not happy with their current situation. And these people were in different social groups. Businessmen wanted to reduce the authority of the vestiges of feudalism. Peasants refused to pay tax. The biggest group was the workers whose revolution led to a class consciousness is workers. who saw themselves apart from the rest, and fought to protect their jobs from industrialisation, to improve the working conditions and to put them equally standing with their superiors. Anthology Document 5.17 Decrees of the French provisional government, 25 February 1848 is a result of workers revolution. They are public documents which promise workers (CIT) The right to work and that the Tuileries will serve as a hospital for workers injured in industry. These decrees came from the provisional government which was created after the revolutionary action brought about the abdication of the king. This revolutionary action taken by the workers suggests that it can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers. They now see themselves apart from the rest of society and demand to have rights to things others already have. To illustrate this further Anthology Document 5.18 Manifesto of the Delegates of the Corporations to the workers of the department of the seine. In this they refer to the workers as (CIT) Producer. They argue that the producer is essential to society. With this, the workers are separating themselves from the rest of society, thus gaining class consciousness. They now saw themselves as separate, and important enough that they seemingly unknowingly formed into a separate class or group. Therefore, the emergence of a class consciousness in workers in nineteenth-century Europe was because of revolutionary action taken. Political print by influential individuals can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Print was used to make workers more aware of a class divide. The first example of this encourages an awareness of a class divide, Anthology Document 5.16 The Communist Manifesto, 1848. Karl Marx wrote this. The aim of this manifesto is to (CIT) spell out the league principles based on the Scientific Socialism'. Scientific Socialism is a term to describe social-political-economic theory. The first mention of the development of a new class is where it states (CIT) It has established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. If a worker was to read this, it could prompt the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers. Someone is literally telling them that there is a new class. The manifesto then goes on to say (CIT) the place of manufacture was taken by the giant modern industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires. This quote from the manifesto introduces what middle class is. They are the ones who own the factories and have all the money. Just reading this, workers start to have a class consciousness. That there is a huge political and economic difference between them. Therefore, political print such as The communist manifesto can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Another important piece of print is Anthology Document 5.15 The prospectus for LArtisan, journal de la classe ouuriere, 1830. This was founded by printing workers and was essentially a newspaper to make people aware of what the working class was and how it was important to society. It states (CIT) the most numerous and the most useful class in society, without tradition, is the working class. The newspaper then goes on to promote the need for change for the working class. (CIT) to publish a special journal focussed o n their needs and interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ where they can expose their grievances and their complaints. With the spread of this type of political print, it can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. The workforce themselves and the unfair conditions which they worked in can also account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. And the main example of this is women and children workers. The illustration (CIT) Figure 19.6 clearly shows the divide between the middle class man in charge of the factory workforce and the women and children doing the work. It is a true depiction of how factories ran. We know this as we can compare it to (CIT) Figure 19.7 a drawing of power loom weaving which shows a similar scene to the first illustration. It would be obvious to those factory workers that there was a difference in the workers and the foreman. Therefore, it could account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. If this is not enough to spark the emergence of class consciousness, then the unfair working conditions might. Anthology Document 5.20, A Letter by Richard Oastler to the Leeds Mercury, 18 39 explains this in more detail (CIT) Thousands of little childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are daily compelled to labour from six oclock in the morning to seven in the evening with only-Britons, blush while you read it! with only thirty minutes allowed for eating and recreation in this letter Oastler is trying to highlight the working conditions and it is not clear if he is intentionally encouraging a class consciousness but this could be the outcome of his letter to the Leeds mercury. This also links back to the earlier point of the use of print accounting for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Print. Especially in the newspaper was very influential to those few workers who could read. Reading that every worker is going through the same thing would spur on revolutions and lead to the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe.

Developed radical behaviourism Essay

Skinner (1904-1990) developed radical behaviourism. Skinner concerned himself only with scientific methods and only observable behaviour. Skinner believed that all behaviour is learnt from environmental consequences or operant conditioning. Skinner went on to assert that behaviour is more or less likely depending on the consequences as a result of that behaviour (reward/punishment). Skinner highlighted his theories with experiments on animals, mainly rats. Skinner devised an experiment in which a rat was put into a box where the pressing of a lever would release food for the rat to eat. The stimulus of hunger, led to the behaviour of pressing the bar, lead to the reward of food. The pressing of a bar for food is not normal rat behaviour so the rat had to be taught to do so. This showed that the rat pressed the bar for food, meaning that the rat had to operate on its environment to gain either reward or punishment. If the reward comes every time for the behaviour then the behaviour is permanently learnt, or ‘stamped in’. (Skinner, 1953) Ivan Pavlov developed classical conditioning. The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning concerns itself with behaviour that an animal already has. Pavlov conditioned a dog that already salivated at the sight of food to also salivate at the sound of a bell. This was achieved by Pavlov ringing a bell when ever the dog was about to be given food. This meant that the dog became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell (stimulus) to receive its food (reward). Pavlov and more so Skinner regard all behaviour as a product of the environment, as highlighted in these two experiments. Behaviourism had a key influence on psychology as a science. The use of scientific experiments led to psychologists focusing observable, objective measures of behaviour. This approach to psychology has a very practical use. The treatment of phobias takes its influence from behaviourist research, A phobic person can be conditioned to overcome their fear. The idea that people learn from their environment lead to educational policy being influenced as poor grades could be a result of poor educational environment. Behaviourism has received criticism for its denial of free will and the belief that people are simply the product of their environment. The behaviourist perspective that all behaviour is learnt from the environment was challenged when it was shown that people also learn through observing others and through insight. (Bandura, 1986) One shortcoming of the behaviourist perspective is that emotional and mental processes of the individual were not taken into account as they were not seen as an appropriate area of study as they could not be directly observed and objectified. (Pennington, 2002) Humanism emerged in the U.S.A. in the 1960s. The main proponents of this approach were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanists believed that psychodynamics and behaviourism neglected key aspects as to what it is to be human, for example, only relying on scientific and observable methods neglected what it is to be human, humanists believed. Humanists also argued that the psychodynamics relied too much on the unconscious and childhood rather than the conscious mind and the here and now. The humanist approach is known as Phenomenological as it focuses on the human experience. Humanists believe that each person is unique and the focus of the approach is on the subjective feelings and emotions of individuals. This is referred to as ideographic, meaning that it focuses on the uniqueness of the individual rather than common laws or the similarity of personality. Humanists propose that humans do have free will and are not the sole product of their environment or childhood experiences. Humanists argue that people and personality should be viewed as a whole and that the breaking down of various aspects of personality results in the loss of the whole. Rogers (1902-1987) believed that all people have a tendency to self actualise, or attempt to reach their full potential. This can be anything from playing a sport to writing an essay. People self actualise in different ways and through different achievements. Rogers (1980) assumed that we need love from other people; he called this unconditional positive regard. This unconditional positive regard is seen in the unconditional love of a mother to a child. Rogers argued that this love is essential to well adjusted adults. He went on to state that many adult problems can be as a result of not receiving this positive regard. Using his theories Rogers developed client centred therapy, Rogers would treat his clients with unconditional positive regard so that he could restore their lack of it. Rogers believed that many adult problems arose when people’s concept of themselves were incongruent with their actual experiences. For example, someone may think that a football player played well in a game setting up two goals, but the player them self might not agree thinking that they should have scored at least once. Rogers believed that a balance between this self view and the view of the world led to satisfaction and incongruence leads to conflict. (Rogers, 1951) Humanism promotes the idea that humans have free will to choose how they act and behave, the idea of personal responsibility and the idea that humans do not just passively respond to environmental stimuli. The approach also recognises a person as having their own needs as an individual. The humanist approach adds validity to the subjective experience and feelings of the here and now.  Humanism rejects the scientific approach as this does not allow for thoughts and feelings to be taken into account. This has meant that little objective evidence is available. Humanists believe that the lack of objective material is not relevant as long as people benefit from the humanist approach to therapy, and lead better lives. (Pennington, 2002) Having looked at the three main approaches to psychology it can be seen that all three have differing views and approaches to the psychology field. Behaviourism is the more scientific approach that enabled the study of the mind to stand up against other sciences. Freud and psychodynamics was the first force of psychology that has got Freud the nickname ‘godfather of psychology’. Rogers drew on both behaviourism and psychodynamics to come up with theories of the ‘whole’ self. The study of the mind can not be categorised into just one field of study. To truly understand the psychology of the human psyche one must use all three approaches and even add their own interpretation to this ever expanding field of study. Can we ever truly understand our own mind? The search goes on.

Finding the Best Need Help with Research Papers

Finding the Best Need Help with Research Papers Don't forget that a thesis statement determines the total flow of a research paper, therefore don't make it too general. Phd thesis is just one of their research paper co.. In truth, it is by far the most significant part research paper writing. Try to remember this in the event you require professional research paper writing help, you could always rely on our experts! Steer clear of plagiarism free to compose a lawyer experienced! Click on the best way to conduct a research papers using word. What to Expect From Need Help with Research Papers? It is wise to look for the one which has a great reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive prices. The variety of errors in your paper can cost you high grades, and there isn't any need to cover something not acceptable. Make a list of the main terms which help identify what you have to do. A do you which would pass any sort of specific kinds of experienced academics. Free to develop into effective writers learnt. Is a skilled essay help keep. When students consider getting academic writing assistance from a writing service, it's understandable there might be concerns about plagiarism. The choice to select one of our top writers can help you to acquire the very best result possible. Our experienced essay writers will allow you to find that A! The book offers key tools and. Ebook online dating can enable you to find superior advice. Among the rest of the varieties of academic tasks, a research paper seems to be among the most challenging tasks. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. A wide selection of paper writing on motor and compose an essay. Utilize our help writing a paper and you won't regret. Give them some notes from classes, send all of them the literature they may need because that will make sure that you get your paper after possible and well write. Everyone is able to get assistance with algebra homework, paper writing, research or any other sort of homework. You have to be so knowledgeable about the material that you start to feel just like you wrote the book on it. Reputable online writing business will satisfy a specific set of criteria for you to establish if they're worth the investment. All you have to do is make your purchase! Providentially, the procedure for ordering content is easy and effective. If you need assistance and search for term paper helpline, you're welcome to speak to us! Possessing a sample to reference from the teacher can be extremely useful for an assortment of unique resources. Utilizing reference software is discussed as a means to ease strain and boost accuracy in style. Creative research is the secret to success. Key component to understand if. Who Else Wants to Learn About Need Help with Research Papers? The managers of website are always prepared to answer all your questions and provide you with all essential details. If you don't understand what things to do with your term paper, utilize the web. Context chosen can speak to the world wide web. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. If you are spending for your research paper, you must ensure that your writer does the very best job possible, or you can merely switch to other company or other writing service. All you should receive a writer is place an order, and then we'll discover an ideal writer with good knowledge in a respective subject. If you're going to ask a professional writer to supply you with a term paper sample, then you're likely to have to make certain that the writer is a legit supply of assistance. Life After Need Help w ith Research Papers There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Also, you may fully count on our extremely valuable on-line managers who are ready to provide you answers and assist during the practice of earning a purchase. There are several fake ones, which might lead you in the incorrect direction. Each step should be completed before you're able to visit the subsequent one. Choosing Good Need Help with Research Papers You only have to specify. The vast majority of contemporary students have to be in a position to compose several research papers and essay along with successfully passing exams. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. They should be helped to choose the appropriate research projects on the correct topic, as per their interest. But What About Need Help with Research Papers? The obvious benefit of employing a writing agency is getting a good essay in time. With this kind of a foundation, you will write the paper in no moment. You will get your paper in a couple of days (or even hours if you want it very soon). Any paper is going to be written on time for an inexpensive price.

The Effects Of Stress On Mental Health Essay - 1970 Words

Introduction It is known that humans are naturally going to have stress in their lives. Stress is caused by various events such as death of a spouse, paying bills and changes in common daily functions. Different individuals interpret these events differently. Recent research has shown that each person is different with how they cope throughout stressful situations (Pastorino Doyle-Portillo, 2016). The different situations of stress can cause mental health issues such as depression, extreme exhaustion and anxiety (Pastorino Doyle-Portillo, 2016). When these disorders are diagnosed, they often are caused by the chemistry that a person has, socialization factors, adolescent to adult development and the stressors that life brings. It is further known through various studies there is a significant difference between the genders that are likely to end up with a mental health issue such as depression. Although, within more recent studies have shown that in college aged students, college women are more likely to become depressed throughout their college career (Boggiano Barrett, 1991). Depression is a common disorder that causes a person to act and think negatively about their lives. Throughout the course of life, depression can be significantly higher at certain points than others. Depression is commonly prominent throughout college aged students, due to the many stressors that are constant in their lives. College aged students deal with the many pressures such as payingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress On Health And Mental Health Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesOvercoming Stress Have you seen a mental health expert about a mental health disorder, or were you diagnosed for such a condition? Most people will answer no even if they had a mental or emotional health issue in the past. Heath includes physical health and mental health, it’s not just physical. A lot of people hate to admit that they have mental disorder, and they might even refuse to seek a professional health care. It’s really important for people to take care of any emotional or mental issue thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Mental Health1568 Words   |  7 Pagessubstantial amount of Canadians experience stress in their lives. In fact, nearly one-quarter of the population over the age of 15 are stressed on a daily basis (Statistics Canada, 2013). Stress can be defined as a mental and emotional state of tension, in which one perceives the environment around them to be strenuous and overwhelming. Although some stress is necessary for survival, it can adversely affect both the phy sical and mental health. Its detrimental effects include but are not limited to: lackRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Mental Health1550 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Stress is defined by the National Institute of Mental Health as the brain s answer to any demand. Many things can set off this reaction, including change. For most people, temporary levels of stress drop soon after the stimulus has passed. For others, the symptoms of anxiety continue well after the distressing circumstance is over (National Institute of Mental Health). Stress can lead to memory retention problems, and memory recall problems, in turn impacting ones work, social interactionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Our Mental And Physical Health926 Words   |  4 Pageswe learned in class, stress is any force that changes the body’s natural state, known as homeostasis. Stress does not always have to be viewed as a bad thing. For example, stress can motivate someone to study for an exam or plan ahead in his or her agenda to stay organized. Its only when stress manifest out of control and is not addressed properly that it can have very negative effects on both our mental and physical health. Reflecting on the document we watched in class, Stress: Portrait of a KillerRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Mental And Physical Health Of A Person1129 Words   |  5 PagesStress impacts the mental and physical health of a person in many ways. Prolonged or frequent exposure to stress can be detrimental to a person s health. It is important to get counseling for stress management before it becomes chronic or life threatening. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is study of the ways the immune and nervous systems interact with each other and impact mental and emotional health. PNI research suggests that chronic stress can cause mood disorders such as depression and anxietyRead MoreThe Effect Of Stress On Mental And Physical Health1584 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to develop techniques to manage stress, you must first understand what contributes to stress. Stress is the body’s reaction to your environment that impacts the balance of your physical or mental being. Stress is the same for the body whether considered positive or negative. It elicits the same body responses for emotion and motivation whether it is from competitive sports or a near miss on the freeway. Emotion and motivation are the two fundamental components of affect. They guideRead MoreThe Effects Of Minority Stress On Mental Health Within The Transgender Community Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pagesto prove how minority stress correlates with mental health within the transgender community. As defined by Meriam-Webster Dictionary, transgender â€Å"is relating to, or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person s sex at birth† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). For example, male to female, or female to male. However, researchers in this study used the minority stress model, which suggested that the stress associated with stigmaRead MoreMental Health And Its Effects On Individual s Stress Level, Anxiety Levels, And Self Esteem Level1310 Words   |  6 PagesMany people in society experience some form of mental health issue in various aspects of their life at some point or another. In social settings or at home, a person can feel stressed, anxious, or even have issues with their self-esteem. In fact, â€Å"One in five American’s experienced some form of mental health issue in 2014† (Mental Health, n.d., p. 1). There are many way s to reduce stress and anxiety, as well as increase self-esteem in one’s life. For the purpose of this study, exercise is used asRead MoreMindfulness Meditation On The Classroom Essay962 Words   |  4 Pageschildren diagnosed with a mental disorder is alarming. According to Merikangas et al. (2010), 22.2% of American children and adolescents get diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder that is severe enough to impair their ability to attend school and learn (Bucci, Marques, Oh, Harris, 2016). Kids that are plagued by various psychological illnesses may experience a difficult time concentrating and staying focused in school. Additionally, the over-accumulation of toxic stress, either due to the pressuresRead MoreHealth Campaign Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Campaign Final Essay The health behavior that was chosen to promote during our campaign was yoga. We encouraged students, staff, and faculty members at Knox College to partake in yoga classes offered by the school in order to reduce stress and target a particular health/illness outcome. The main physical health/illness outcome targeted in this campaign was reduced blood pressure. Yoga is also seen to improve cardiovascular health. We chose to focus on the benefits of yoga to improve blood