Class Consciousness in Workers in Nineteenth-century Europe

Class Consciousness in Workers in Nineteenth-century Europe Account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth-century Europe. INTRODUCTION The standard of living could account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. More specifically the food that was needed but they didnt have enough of. Food was withheld from people due to food shortages. In Anthology document 5.13c French Minister of Interior to Louis XVIII, 1817 Laine puts the blame of food shortages to rain which spoilt the harvest. This has led to a lack of food for everyone. Anthology Document 5.13a, a Cornish letter, 1795. Which describes this food crisis saying that (CIT) Many farmers refuse to sell it in small quantities to the poor, which causes a great murmuring. This meant that it was increasingly more difficult to buy food to sustain them. Workers needed their daily bread to work and bread was an essential for a working family. With farmers refusing to sell food to the poor working families, it was becoming increasingly clear that there was a divide between people who could buy the food in large quantities and the poor. Also Document 5.13b, a letter Revd A.B Haden to the home secretary, 1800 who writes about the withholding of corn and that it is not right. (CIT) I have too high a respect for a British parliament even to suspect that it was ever intended that protection should extend to the withholding of corn. If the idea of farmers withholding food from certain types of people wasnt making it difficult enough for the workers in the nineteenth century, the price of food itself was. This made the workers self-aware of the divide between those who could and couldnt afford food. Anthology Document 5.13c tells us the rise in price of corn rose from (CIT) 28 francs 50 centimes to 31 francs 51 centimes. These living standards for workers and poorer families account for the emergence of class consciousness as people had begun to see a difference in living standards for workers and others. Revolution amongst workers can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in the nineteenth century Europe. There was many who were not happy with their current situation. And these people were in different social groups. Businessmen wanted to reduce the authority of the vestiges of feudalism. Peasants refused to pay tax. The biggest group was the workers whose revolution led to a class consciousness is workers. who saw themselves apart from the rest, and fought to protect their jobs from industrialisation, to improve the working conditions and to put them equally standing with their superiors. Anthology Document 5.17 Decrees of the French provisional government, 25 February 1848 is a result of workers revolution. They are public documents which promise workers (CIT) The right to work and that the Tuileries will serve as a hospital for workers injured in industry. These decrees came from the provisional government which was created after the revolutionary action brought about the abdication of the king. This revolutionary action taken by the workers suggests that it can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers. They now see themselves apart from the rest of society and demand to have rights to things others already have. To illustrate this further Anthology Document 5.18 Manifesto of the Delegates of the Corporations to the workers of the department of the seine. In this they refer to the workers as (CIT) Producer. They argue that the producer is essential to society. With this, the workers are separating themselves from the rest of society, thus gaining class consciousness. They now saw themselves as separate, and important enough that they seemingly unknowingly formed into a separate class or group. Therefore, the emergence of a class consciousness in workers in nineteenth-century Europe was because of revolutionary action taken. Political print by influential individuals can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Print was used to make workers more aware of a class divide. The first example of this encourages an awareness of a class divide, Anthology Document 5.16 The Communist Manifesto, 1848. Karl Marx wrote this. The aim of this manifesto is to (CIT) spell out the league principles based on the Scientific Socialism'. Scientific Socialism is a term to describe social-political-economic theory. The first mention of the development of a new class is where it states (CIT) It has established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. If a worker was to read this, it could prompt the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers. Someone is literally telling them that there is a new class. The manifesto then goes on to say (CIT) the place of manufacture was taken by the giant modern industry, the place of the industrial middle class, by industrial millionaires. This quote from the manifesto introduces what middle class is. They are the ones who own the factories and have all the money. Just reading this, workers start to have a class consciousness. That there is a huge political and economic difference between them. Therefore, political print such as The communist manifesto can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Another important piece of print is Anthology Document 5.15 The prospectus for LArtisan, journal de la classe ouuriere, 1830. This was founded by printing workers and was essentially a newspaper to make people aware of what the working class was and how it was important to society. It states (CIT) the most numerous and the most useful class in society, without tradition, is the working class. The newspaper then goes on to promote the need for change for the working class. (CIT) to publish a special journal focussed o n their needs and interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ where they can expose their grievances and their complaints. With the spread of this type of political print, it can account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. The workforce themselves and the unfair conditions which they worked in can also account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. And the main example of this is women and children workers. The illustration (CIT) Figure 19.6 clearly shows the divide between the middle class man in charge of the factory workforce and the women and children doing the work. It is a true depiction of how factories ran. We know this as we can compare it to (CIT) Figure 19.7 a drawing of power loom weaving which shows a similar scene to the first illustration. It would be obvious to those factory workers that there was a difference in the workers and the foreman. Therefore, it could account for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. If this is not enough to spark the emergence of class consciousness, then the unfair working conditions might. Anthology Document 5.20, A Letter by Richard Oastler to the Leeds Mercury, 18 39 explains this in more detail (CIT) Thousands of little childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are daily compelled to labour from six oclock in the morning to seven in the evening with only-Britons, blush while you read it! with only thirty minutes allowed for eating and recreation in this letter Oastler is trying to highlight the working conditions and it is not clear if he is intentionally encouraging a class consciousness but this could be the outcome of his letter to the Leeds mercury. This also links back to the earlier point of the use of print accounting for the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe. Print. Especially in the newspaper was very influential to those few workers who could read. Reading that every worker is going through the same thing would spur on revolutions and lead to the emergence of class consciousness amongst workers in nineteenth century Europe.

Developed radical behaviourism Essay

Skinner (1904-1990) developed radical behaviourism. Skinner concerned himself only with scientific methods and only observable behaviour. Skinner believed that all behaviour is learnt from environmental consequences or operant conditioning. Skinner went on to assert that behaviour is more or less likely depending on the consequences as a result of that behaviour (reward/punishment). Skinner highlighted his theories with experiments on animals, mainly rats. Skinner devised an experiment in which a rat was put into a box where the pressing of a lever would release food for the rat to eat. The stimulus of hunger, led to the behaviour of pressing the bar, lead to the reward of food. The pressing of a bar for food is not normal rat behaviour so the rat had to be taught to do so. This showed that the rat pressed the bar for food, meaning that the rat had to operate on its environment to gain either reward or punishment. If the reward comes every time for the behaviour then the behaviour is permanently learnt, or ‘stamped in’. (Skinner, 1953) Ivan Pavlov developed classical conditioning. The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning concerns itself with behaviour that an animal already has. Pavlov conditioned a dog that already salivated at the sight of food to also salivate at the sound of a bell. This was achieved by Pavlov ringing a bell when ever the dog was about to be given food. This meant that the dog became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell (stimulus) to receive its food (reward). Pavlov and more so Skinner regard all behaviour as a product of the environment, as highlighted in these two experiments. Behaviourism had a key influence on psychology as a science. The use of scientific experiments led to psychologists focusing observable, objective measures of behaviour. This approach to psychology has a very practical use. The treatment of phobias takes its influence from behaviourist research, A phobic person can be conditioned to overcome their fear. The idea that people learn from their environment lead to educational policy being influenced as poor grades could be a result of poor educational environment. Behaviourism has received criticism for its denial of free will and the belief that people are simply the product of their environment. The behaviourist perspective that all behaviour is learnt from the environment was challenged when it was shown that people also learn through observing others and through insight. (Bandura, 1986) One shortcoming of the behaviourist perspective is that emotional and mental processes of the individual were not taken into account as they were not seen as an appropriate area of study as they could not be directly observed and objectified. (Pennington, 2002) Humanism emerged in the U.S.A. in the 1960s. The main proponents of this approach were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanists believed that psychodynamics and behaviourism neglected key aspects as to what it is to be human, for example, only relying on scientific and observable methods neglected what it is to be human, humanists believed. Humanists also argued that the psychodynamics relied too much on the unconscious and childhood rather than the conscious mind and the here and now. The humanist approach is known as Phenomenological as it focuses on the human experience. Humanists believe that each person is unique and the focus of the approach is on the subjective feelings and emotions of individuals. This is referred to as ideographic, meaning that it focuses on the uniqueness of the individual rather than common laws or the similarity of personality. Humanists propose that humans do have free will and are not the sole product of their environment or childhood experiences. Humanists argue that people and personality should be viewed as a whole and that the breaking down of various aspects of personality results in the loss of the whole. Rogers (1902-1987) believed that all people have a tendency to self actualise, or attempt to reach their full potential. This can be anything from playing a sport to writing an essay. People self actualise in different ways and through different achievements. Rogers (1980) assumed that we need love from other people; he called this unconditional positive regard. This unconditional positive regard is seen in the unconditional love of a mother to a child. Rogers argued that this love is essential to well adjusted adults. He went on to state that many adult problems can be as a result of not receiving this positive regard. Using his theories Rogers developed client centred therapy, Rogers would treat his clients with unconditional positive regard so that he could restore their lack of it. Rogers believed that many adult problems arose when people’s concept of themselves were incongruent with their actual experiences. For example, someone may think that a football player played well in a game setting up two goals, but the player them self might not agree thinking that they should have scored at least once. Rogers believed that a balance between this self view and the view of the world led to satisfaction and incongruence leads to conflict. (Rogers, 1951) Humanism promotes the idea that humans have free will to choose how they act and behave, the idea of personal responsibility and the idea that humans do not just passively respond to environmental stimuli. The approach also recognises a person as having their own needs as an individual. The humanist approach adds validity to the subjective experience and feelings of the here and now.  Humanism rejects the scientific approach as this does not allow for thoughts and feelings to be taken into account. This has meant that little objective evidence is available. Humanists believe that the lack of objective material is not relevant as long as people benefit from the humanist approach to therapy, and lead better lives. (Pennington, 2002) Having looked at the three main approaches to psychology it can be seen that all three have differing views and approaches to the psychology field. Behaviourism is the more scientific approach that enabled the study of the mind to stand up against other sciences. Freud and psychodynamics was the first force of psychology that has got Freud the nickname ‘godfather of psychology’. Rogers drew on both behaviourism and psychodynamics to come up with theories of the ‘whole’ self. The study of the mind can not be categorised into just one field of study. To truly understand the psychology of the human psyche one must use all three approaches and even add their own interpretation to this ever expanding field of study. Can we ever truly understand our own mind? The search goes on.

Finding the Best Need Help with Research Papers

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The Effects Of Stress On Mental Health Essay - 1970 Words

Introduction It is known that humans are naturally going to have stress in their lives. Stress is caused by various events such as death of a spouse, paying bills and changes in common daily functions. Different individuals interpret these events differently. Recent research has shown that each person is different with how they cope throughout stressful situations (Pastorino Doyle-Portillo, 2016). The different situations of stress can cause mental health issues such as depression, extreme exhaustion and anxiety (Pastorino Doyle-Portillo, 2016). When these disorders are diagnosed, they often are caused by the chemistry that a person has, socialization factors, adolescent to adult development and the stressors that life brings. It is further known through various studies there is a significant difference between the genders that are likely to end up with a mental health issue such as depression. Although, within more recent studies have shown that in college aged students, college women are more likely to become depressed throughout their college career (Boggiano Barrett, 1991). Depression is a common disorder that causes a person to act and think negatively about their lives. Throughout the course of life, depression can be significantly higher at certain points than others. Depression is commonly prominent throughout college aged students, due to the many stressors that are constant in their lives. College aged students deal with the many pressures such as payingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress On Health And Mental Health Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesOvercoming Stress Have you seen a mental health expert about a mental health disorder, or were you diagnosed for such a condition? Most people will answer no even if they had a mental or emotional health issue in the past. Heath includes physical health and mental health, it’s not just physical. 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Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 1713 Words

In the novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury states the negative effects of technology. Bradbury illustrates a society where books are banned and people entertain themselves with parlor walls, which is a TV. One of the characters Mildred, who is the wife of Montag, a fireman who is paid to burn books. Mildred is always attached to technology and can’t get away from it. She is usually watching the parlor or listening to her seashell earbuds. Bradbury uses the literary element of indirect characterization on Mildred to suggest how she is selfish and thoughtless, examining the negative effects of technology when one constantly uses it and relies on it which causes obsession and over-reliance towards technology leading one to not think critically†¦show more content†¦The word ‘family’ reveals how Mildred relies on technology like a real family instead of caring and being warm-hearted towards her husband, who is her actual family. In addition, it represents Mildr ed’s obsession towards the parlor. The word ‘sick’ shows that Montag needs care from someone and Mildred is not helping him, by not even decreasing the volume for a sick husband who is continually asking her to turn it off, indicates that Mildred has no care for her husband. Mildred’s subsequent reliance on technology makes her inseparable from it, trying to stay with technology all the time and not caring what happens to others hence making her selfish. Mildred’s egocentric behaviour is also illustrated when she puts the alarm when Montag brings the books to home and reads them in a society where they do not allow books. â€Å"She ran past with her body stiff, her face floured with powder, her mouth gone, without lipstick. ‘Mildred you didn’t put in the alarm!’ She shoved in the valise in the waiting beetle, climbed in and sat mumbling, ‘Poor family, poor family, oh everything gone, everything gone, everything gone nowâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ (114). Mildred turned in Montag to the firehouse for having books. Mildred knew the consequences of what will happen when she puts in the alarm. Everything in the house will be destroyed along with the parlors that she loves. Also, Montag is going to be arrested for possessing books but Mildred still decides to report Montag because she wants herShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511721 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature slowly disappear from the minds of the population? This is the question that Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, attempts to answer. In this book, he describes a hypothetical world in which the population not only avoids reading, but has made owning books an unthinkable crime, with all books discovered burned, along with the houses of those who hoarded them. In this dystopian future created by Bradbury, the beauty that is literature has been replaced in society by television programs andRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511358 W ords   |  6 Pagesnotice them, books were outlawed, knowledge was forbidden, and memories were hard to come by? In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury presents a society which invokes much thought about the way we live in society today. It’s a story about a lifestyle in the future that has evolved from our present, but in seemingly different worlds. Through the protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury makes a wider point about the dangers that a society can present. The government of this future forbids itsRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451976 Words   |  4 PagesGuy Montage from Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 would be similar to life without a choice. Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 demonstrates how excessive use of technology affects a person’s relationship. Montage is the protagonist of the novel who is a fireman. Montage lives in a world where his job is to burn books, and initiate a fire. The government is trying to outlaw the use of books in the city. Bradbury portrays this new wo rld through the character of Montage. 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The novel was written during the era where communism and the holocaust began to sprout. Mr. Bradbury, being a patriot of his country, feared that society was leaning towardRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 Pagesnot ac cepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, instead of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readers through the story in order to show them his own outlook on the future- in fact, all dystopianRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512451 Words   |  10 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is a prime example of social criticism. The story sets in the 24th century where people race jet cars; the author’s idea of the future. It shows a flawed social structure, controlled by the media and government with banning and burning of books, and suppressing society’s minds from history. Their logical thought was that it would keep society from thinking too much, which in t urn would prevent bad thoughts, and to keep them â€Å"happy all the time†. The book tells a storyRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512071 Words   |  9 Pageslives? In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury depicts a society that is immersed in technology, which becomes an obsession for most of its people. Bradbury also describes the negative effects that come with this technology, especially losing essential human traits like communication and common sense. Finally, Bradbury sends the message that technology is so powerful that it not only controls certain people, but an entire society as well. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes the dangers

Medical Care in the United States Free Essays

Medical Care in the United States Paper ECO/ 372 Principles of Macroeconomics 26 September 2012 Mr. James Geffert The Medical Care in the United States Paper written by Team C will identify the background, policy, and impact of paid medical care. The comparison of Great Britain and Canada, the public health care budget is itself a ceiling; unlike the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Care in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Medicare Payroll tax on investment income taking effect in 2012 will be expanded to include unearned income. The new healthcare bill is another attempt at making healthcare work for the citizens of the United States. The Senate worked for months over the bill, and came to a conclusion of what the bill will include. The Senate Health Bill will provide coverage for 94% of Americans with medical insurance. The health care bill is planned decrease the federal deficit by $127 billion in ten years, and reduces the deficit by $777 billion in twenty years. In the United States before the 1920’s most people were treated in their home for illnesses. Only a few companies had offered health insurance to employees; most people paid out of their pocket. The doctors did not have enormous amount of information about diseases and their treatments. The advanced technology and knowledge of the diseases became necessary to bring patients into hospitals; caring for them properly. This medical cost of care was high and people could not afford it! The Great Depression made it worse for medical care in America. One of the first health care programs to help people with medical expenses came from Baylor hospitals in Dallas; converted to Blue Cross. The cost of care continued to rise due to medicine, science, and hospitals making advances in their ability to cure the sick. More people were turning to hospitals and doctors for care. The Blue Shield was and insurance covering services only doctors performed. This insurance started growing rapidly in the late 1930’s as a way for doctors to ensure they received compensation for work performed. The Blue Cross and Blue Shield were having more insurers began entering the healthcare market once they saw the success. During World War II due to the shortage in labor, more employers began to offer health insurance as a benefit. This benefit became standard for employers and the government encourages employer to do so through tax incentives. The tax incentives were operating most all other countries and starting national health care systems. The government pays for and regulates medical care services for its people nationwide. Currently no wealthy nation fails to provide a comprehensive health care system for its people that are free or inexpensive. The United States have roughly 50 million Americans, 16 percent of the population; no health insurance. The majority of the population that fall into this category is the relatively poor and most range in age from eighteen to thirty-four. The Studies have shown this number has increased dramatically since the 1970’s. Research by the Kaiser Family Foundation finds â€Å"those without health insurance die younger or work less due to chronic health conditions, and face persistent personal financial problems brought on by illnesses;† published by Jeff Madrick in 2012. He also found that a Harvard Medical School study found some 45,000 deaths a year are associated with lack of health insurance. The static medical information found it difficult to live a normal healthy life without disease and illness; without access to proper medical coverage. For many people are forced to use a public hospital for treatment as a final recourse to a health issue usually do so too late. The costs for a neglected injury or a disease are astronomically high. The stats are 17 percent of the Gross Domestic Product for healthcare is being paid by one out of every six American. This number is much higher than any other wealthy nation by far and our health care system is not measurably better and often considerably worse. The health care reform is basically two Acts in which President Obama signed into law in 2010. The two acts are Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. The laws have the potential to ensure many Americans that cannot afford health care may be eligible for Medicaid benefits. The laws also ensured that individuals with pre-existing medical conditions have a better opportunity to obtain medical insurance thru their employer. Corporations will receive incentives for increasing their eligibility requirements on pre-existing medical conditions. The acts will be funded by increasing taxes on individuals that have an annual income of over $200,000. The government will tax individuals that have worked hard to ensure no financial help from the government. The government will ensure individuals income is enough to pay for their own medical care. These acts also state any individual does not have medical insurance with their employer will be required to obtain an approved private party insurance policy. The individual without coverage will be penalized. The only individuals will be exempt from this act are those individuals that are members in a religious sect and are exempt by the Internal Revenue Service, or are in a financial hardship and have applied to be exempt. These acts are expected to take full effect by 2014. Then all individuals will be required to comply with the rules and regulation of these acts by that timeframe or pay penalties. There are many arguments over the Obama’s administration proposal for health care reform. Republicans and the Democrats are always disagreeing over each other’s ideas. The Obama administration suggest that there a specific areas that need to be addressed a dealt with when it comes to medical care. A few areas are cost, prevention and treatment of chronic conditions, and also a shortage of doctors and nurses. There is also many other key points that was addressed in the medical reform proposal. The specific areas that were mentioned needed to be addressed such as cost the administration felt the cost of insurance should be affordable so everyone is able to have medical insurance for themselves as well as their whole family. The shortages of doctors and nurses the Obama administration believes our country is in need of more doctors or nurses to provide care to all people in the entire country and as well as the doctors and nurses to accept all types of insurances. Prevention and treatment of chronic conditions were not always covered by insurance due to chronic pain because that is normally a preexisting injury. If an individual had a preexisting injury their insurance had the option to deny coverage to the patient. The forum must ensure all of the areas needed to be addressed and also approved so the individuals are affected by these specified areas. Thanks to the Obama administration individuals can afford their medical insurance, can receive treatment for their chronic pains, and more doctors and nurses are available. In July 2010 Obama assigned Donald M. Berwick as administrator for Medicare and Medicaid. His idea during the time for medical care was no needless deaths, redistributing healthcare to all who are sick and tend to those who are less fortunate. Healthcare and medical care is very important. The working men and women with families, who are not in the middle class, require affordable healthcare. According to the Heritage Foundation, â€Å"President Obama care puts the health care system on the wrong track and will expand the role of the federal government in every component of Americans’ health care. President Obama care is the ongoing health care reform. The health care reform guarantees U. S. citizens that may not have insurance or not provided health insurance through their employer. It also requires U. S. residents to have health insurance whether through their employers or private separate insurance companies. This change is dramatic, especially to those who do not have hea lthcare and do not have to pay it. It is said that all U. S. citizens are mandated to have insurance and pay insurance even if they are not using it. Even businesses will be mandated to provide affordable insurance whether it is a large company or small business. Such proceedings are so important to American citizens because it is such a big transition, for any individual, in any circumstance. In England and Canada the health system is financed by general taxation revenue, including a small statutory insurance levy, and private payments. The Medicare provides access to subsidized medical services, subsidized pharmaceuticals, and free hospital treatment as a public patient. President Obama suggested to Congress minor adjustments to Medicare, he meant it. His proposed plan to Medicare and Medicaid will clean up the health care system and save $321 billion over 10 years. The plan didn’t identify any proposals to fundamentally tackle Medicare’s long-term structural problems. President Obama’s budget proposal implies Medicare cost reduction has been implemented in a previous year’s health care law. The plan seems to save now and pay in the later years. Congress will play a big part in future planning estimating seniors will pay twice a share of their health care costs out of pocket by 2030. REFERENCES: Obama Deficit Plan May Rely on Inflated Health Care Savings, National Journal; 9/24/2011, p7-7, 1p, Sanger-Katz, Margot New York Review of Books, Jeff Madrick, 2012; retrieved 09/22/2012; http://www. nybooks. com/articles/archives/2012/jun/21/obama-and-health-care-straight-story/ http://www. merriam-webster. com The Heritage Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. heritage. org/issues/health- care/obamacare Healthcare Czar in Obamacare. (2010, June). Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , (), 17-18. Retrieved from http://www. cchfreedom. org/pr/ObamaCareCzar. pdf How to cite Medical Care in the United States, Essay examples

Analysis of Contemporary Society -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Critically discuss how globalisation has reconfigured contemporary Australian society. 2.Provide a basic definition of SCOT and then critically discuss how this concept can be used to study the meanings and social interpretations acquired by a specific everyday artefact. 3.Using the concept of interconnectedness critically discuss why we as individuals find it difficult to reduce our ecological footprint in our daily lives 4.Critically discuss why deviant underconformity and deviant overconformity behaviour is still accepted in contemporary Australian society. Answers: 1.Globalisation is related to the highly increase in the flow of communication, people, information and capital between different nations. The concept of globalisation is mainly related to the world which is interdependent and interconnected. The process which is related to the increase in the interconnection between different societies can also be termed as globalisation. The increase in the flow of different commodities between countries is another major effect of globalisation. Advances in the technology, abandonment of trade routes by land and the rise of the global capitalism are major changes caused by globalisation (Arvanitakis, 2016). Globalisation also causes an exchange of culture between different countries as the flow of people increases. There are many advantages that of globalisation and the connection that is formed between countries. Cosmopolitanism which refers to the richer culture and increase in the diversity of nations is the major advantage of globalisation. The world has become a much smaller place as the citizens of the different countries are connected with each other. Free trade is another major effect that is caused by globalisation in the countries. This factor helps in the exchange of goods between the various countries and the living standards of the people also become higher. The process of globalisation has negative effect on the nations as well. The exploitation of the developing nations with the help of free trade is a major disadvantage of globalisation (Arvanitakis, 2016). The decline of many countries have been caused due to globalisation and the rise that has happened in the number of multi-national organizations. The decline of nations can cause the loss of heritage and culture as well. The major changes that have occurred in the world due to social movements caused as a result of globalisation are, suffering of women, class problems, aboriginal equality, anti-war, gay rights, child labour. Globalisation also has many envi ronmental effects of the countries which have gone through this process. The economic growth of Australia has been affected by the globalisation (Arvanitakis, 2016). Australia had opened up its economy to the foreign investment and privatization had taken place on a large scale. The quality of life in Australia has increased after globalisation has occurred in the country. Globalisation has provided huge access to the foreign organizations and the investors so that they can conduct business in the country in a free manner and innovation can also be facilitated. The end of the law of protectionism has helped in making Australia a winner in the process of globalisation (Arvanitakis, 2016). 2.Social Construction of technology theory or SCOT is a concept that is related to the argument that human action is not determined by technology, rather technology is shaped by human action. The way by which technology is used cannot be totally understood without trying to understand the technology which is embedded in the social context. SCOT is mainly response that is provided to technological determinism and it is sometimes also called technological constructivism. SCOT mainly consists of those people who try to understand the main reasons related to rejection or the acceptance of the technology related to the social world (Arvanitakis, 2016). The explanation of the success related to a technology is sometimes not enough and the researchers need to analyse deeply that what are the criteria upon which the best technology is being defined. The researchers need to question the way by which the technology is defined. SCOT can just not be said as theory, it is mainly a methodology. Th e principles and steps related to the analysis of the failures and success of technology are formalized by SCOT. The theory of SCOT was introduced in the year 1984 by Pinch and Bijker. The problems and their relevant solutions are characterised with the help of different innovations that are constructed by stakeholders (Arvanitakis, 2016). SCOT mainly views the rise and development of technology as a process which is interactive in nature. SCOT can also be defined as the most interactive sociotechnical process that helps in the shaping of all the forms of technology. The sociology related to the technology and science are treated in a different manner in case of SCOT. The perspective of knowledge to be held as a social construction is mainly related to the advancement of technology in the modern world. The progress and advancement of science is related to the social forces which include, political, economic and psychological influences as well. Example of SCOT Bakelite The example of plastic Bakelite can be used to depict the ways by which the social forces can shape technology. Bakelite started as an artificial substitute of varnish in the early days of its invention. The product did not achieve success in the market and then the accidental dumping related to the different materials proved that it can be moulded in different ways. The innovation of this component led to the use of plastic for many other purposes which was not predicted by the company in the beginning. 3.Ecological footprint is related to the measure of load that is provided by a certain population on the nature. This mainly represents the area of land that is necessary so that the current level of the consumption of resource and the discharge by the population can be sustained. The demand that is placed by humans on the ecosystems of the Earth can be defined as ecological footprint. The Earth possesses a particular ecological capacity which helps in the regeneration and thereby to keep providing services and raw materials by recycling air, absorbing waste and cleaning soil. The ecological burden that is placed by humans can be measured against the natural capacity of Earth. If the overall burden of humanity is higher than the amount the Earth can absorb, then the ecological footprint of humans on the Earth is greater than 1. The different inhabitants of the Earth have different levels of ecological footprint and if the total ecological footprint is greater than 1, then it depicts that the ecological burden is being overshot (Arvanitakis, 2016). Interconnectedness is related to the process by which the parts of a particular system are connected with each other. The changes that occur in some part of the system can negatively affect the other parts. This process holds true for both the nature and humans as well. The humans are connected in many ways to the natural environment and the Earth as a whole. The different parts of nature are equally connected with each other. The concept of interconnection applies for the degradation of the environment or any type of natural disasters as well. Interconnectedness also includes the concept of interdependence. The way by which the different parts of a system are strongly united is related to the concept of interdependence. Humans are dependent on the various other species that are present in the nature and they receive their food from the animals and plants. It can be said that all the parts of the nature are connected and dependent on each other. The degradation occurring in some part s will have immense effect on all the other parts as the entire ecosystem is affected. The most difficult task for the human species is to adjust to the nature and trying to control their ecological footprints. For example, the over usage of land by humans has led to the cutting down of trees and this has resulted in soil erosion and many other problems (Arvanitakis, 2016). 4.Sports is considered as a social constructed activity which is mainly supposed to enforce many number of normative traits. The key terms related to sport can be deviance, under conformity, over conformity, sexuality and homophobia. Deviance is related to sports in such a way so that it is viewed as a way by which deviant behaviour can be reduced. The idolisation of some of the sportsmen is also related to this factor. Under conformity in sports is related to the rejection of the various social norms that are related to the particular sport. The different activities include, use of drugs, which consists of both illegal and legal usage, example Lance Armstrong. Unsanctioned violence is another major factor related to under conformity in sports, example, Australian Swimming Team London Olympics. The abuse and sexual assault related any type of sport, example, Rugby League Players. Over conformity or over acceptance is another behaviour related to sports. The game is above everything else, for example extreme adherence (Arvanitakis, 2016). The distinction offered through sport is another factor of over conformity. Injury and pain is a part of the game and accepting the social norms without any question. Gender is another major factor that affects sports in all way. The factors related to gender problem that affect sports are, sexuality, homophobic, social construction of which gender plays which sport and hegemonic masculinity. Deviant over conformity is related to the vulnerability of the athletes to the demands that are made by his group which is combined with the desire related to the reaffirmation or gain of the group membership which is a major factor in this case. Deviant under conformity is related to the actions that are taken by the sportsperson by ignoring the norms related to sports. Violence has been a major part of the Australian sports community related to sport ethic. The violence is related to the insecurities that the players have in the sports where high performance is required. The expressions that are related to violence are different in the cases of different genders. The physicality of the sportsmen is also important in creating the excitement and drama and special bonds between the female and the male athletes. Under conformity is also exhibited by the Australian players related to different sports where they tend to reject the rules and involve in cheating (Arvanitakis, 2016). The illegal drug addiction of the players is also a negative behaviour that is depicted by the Australian players in some situations. Reference Arvanitakis, James.Sociologic: Analysing Everyday Life and Culture. 2016.